Joseph

media type="custom" key="5739809"



=__**VISUAL/ SPATIAL UNDERSTANDING 2 & APPLYING 3**__=

**__ BASKETBALL __**

Basketball is a game that requires a lot of work from your body. Therefore it requires the usage of nearly all major muscles. || ** HOW THEY WORK ** || - in the offense phase of the game, the upper leg muscles and gluteus will be needed to push for position - located on the lower leg - important for extending a player’s body while shooting - when going for a jump shot, the calf muscles will be key in getting you in the air - when going from one goal to the other, the calf muscles will be key in giving you sprinting speed whether you are running to defend or running on a fast break to the basket || - located on the front of the upper arms - they control the movement of the elbow and the forearm - they cause the elbows to bend - with strong and flexible biceps you can create good velocity with minimal effort when shooting a jump or set shot - especially important with the long distance and three-point shots, which require more push in order to meet the extended basket range - big muscle located on the back of the upper arm - used when a player extends and follows through with a shot - group of muscle fibers that make up the roundness of the shoulders - they help provide upper body strength especially during drives to the basket - during defense, strong deltoids compensate for the constant raising and lowering of the arms while trying to obstruct shots - large, flat muscle below and behind the arm - it provides extension of the body when shooting - group of muscles that give motion to the hand and wrist - they are necessary for holding, gripping and providing the all-important wrist flick for backspin on the basketball || - having a strong core can absorb energy from consistent jump shooting or attempts at blocking shots ||
 * ** MUSCLES **
 * ** Legs ** || * **__ Upper leg muscles and gluteus: __**
 * **__ Calf muscles: __**
 * ** Arms ** || * **__ Biceps (shooting arm’s biceps): __**
 * **__ Triceps: __**
 * **__ Deltoids: __**
 * **__ Latissimus Dorsi: __**
 * **__ Hand-wrist Flexors: __**
 * ** Core Muscles **
 * (Abdomen and Lower back) ** || - used most when landing from jumping and for positioning under the basket

media type="youtube" key="a1IBs9Crevo" height="385" width="480"



=__**INTRA-PERSONAL 2**__=

** __BIOGRAPHY OF A SCIENTIST WHO HAS HELPED CHILDREN WITH POLIO__ ** The very first person to develop the idea of building good quality and low cost wheelchairs from locally available materials was orthopaedic surgeon Dr. Ronald Lawrie (RL) Huckstep. This very first project took place in Uganda. Ronald Lawrie Huckstep was born in England in 1926. He graduated from the Middlesex Hospital, London in 1952. He then worked in Kampala, Uganda where he contributed greatly to the world’s understanding of Polio. There he performed operations to improve the lives of people with severe impairments, and he also developed many splints and other useful devices. He became Professor of Traumatic and Orthopaedic Surgery at the University of NSW, Australia in 1973.

Around 1967, while in Uganda, Huckstep designed a wheelchair made from old chair frames and bicycle parts. He decided to make initial prototypes out of old broken metal frame chairs. Canvas seats and backs were made out of old canvas mail bags. Caster wheels were taken off old hospital carts. Wooden shock blocks were used for breaks. More sophisticated version of this chair were developed from this first model.

Huckstep knew that a good wheelchair in Uganda or anywhere else in the developing world needed to be cheap. That meant that a wheelchair needed to be made from locally available materials, and strong enough to stand up under tough conditions, including mud, dust, water, and rough roads. But he also knew that its design needed to be simple enough to be made locally.

Although there have been many advances in cheap wheelchair designs since the mid 1960’s, the Huckstep was truly revolutionary for its time. It was the first reliable mode of independent mobility for many disabled Ugandans.

media type="youtube" key="TixkxAtsypA" height="385" width="480"

=__**KINAESTHETIC EVALUATING**__=

=__ Joseph’s Salsa choreography __= = Enjoy and have fun! = Salsa dancing is one of the best ways of working as many muscles at the same time as possible. Salsa is a popular Latin dance from Puerto Rico and Cuba. Learning to dance the salsa can be fun and sometimes difficult. It is very important to feel the rhythm of the music in Salsa dancing because salsa dance has a sense of instinctive movement in which the man is the Leader and the woman is the Follower.

The basic Salsa steps are the most important part of learning the dance. However, before starting keep in mind that you should follow some recommendations:

- Watch videos of people dancing the Salsa to get a feel for how the dancers move their bodies and follow the rhythm of the music. - Timing is very important when salsa dancing: for every step you will move on beats, and there are 8 beats in Salsa. For example, for the basic salsa step you will move on beats 1, 2 and 3, and pause on 4. Then move again on 5, 6 and 7, and pause on 8. - Once you’ve learnt the basic steps practice as much as you can. - Find a partner that you get along with.

Now that you’ve done all that, start learning the steps:
 * STEP 1: ** Stand up straight with your chest out.
 * STEP 2: ** Get closer to your partner, facing each other. Make sure you don’t eat garlic or onions before coming in close. If you are the leader, place your right hand on your partner's waist, slightly around the back. With your left hand take your partner's right hand and keep the arms no higher than shoulder level; your partner's left hand should be on your right shoulder. Then look into each other’s eyes.
 * STEP 3: ** On the first beat, step forward on your left foot. Your partner will follow your movements like a mirror; for example, on the first beat she will step backward with her right foot.
 * STEP 4: ** On the second beat, step in place with your right foot.
 * STEP 5: ** On the third beat, step back with your left foot so that you are back in the starting position, and hold in place for the fourth beat.


 * STEP 6: ** On the fifth beat, step back with your right foot.
 * STEP 7: ** On the sixth beat, step in place with your left foot.
 * STEP 8: ** On the seventh beat, step forward with your right foot so you are back in the starting position, and hold for the eighth beat.

Now put on your favourite Salsa music CD and practice this until you get it.

Remember! The guy first steps forward on his left foot and the girl first steps backward on her right foot.

__A few other Salsa steps are:__
 * Side Step Left **


 * 1) Step to the side with your left foot
 * 2) Right foot in place
 * 3) Left closes next to right


 * Side Step Right **

Finally, incorporate a variety of turns and keep the dance alive. For better memorization, keep the salsa routine in 8 count sequences and practice each sequence over and over again as many times as possible.
 * 1) Step to the side with your right foot
 * 2) Left foot in place
 * 3) Right foot closes next to left

As mentioned before, Salsa dancing is a great activity for working many muscles at once: Besides working all of these muscles, Salsa dancing also improves your balance, heart rate, coordination and breathing. Salsa literally works your entire body from your brain to your toes.
 * 1) __ Salsa dancing for Legs and buttocks __ : salsa requires a lot of footwork, which works your leg from ankle to hips, allowing your legs to take on a shapely and trim muscular appearance besides helping build a toned butt as well.
 * 2) __ Salsa dancing for Arms __ : while dancing salsa you will be using your arms, shoulders and chest. This will help to get rid of saggy triceps, build toned biceps, as well as help the flexibility in your shoulders and strength in your chest.
 * 3) __ Salsa dancing for Abs __ : salsa dancing involves a lot of hip work with swaying so that your core muscles that cover the abdominal area get a great workout.
 * 4) __ Salsa dancing for the Back muscles __ : posture and movement all build the strength and flexibility in your back muscles, from your neck down to your butt.

media type="youtube" key="LlAgYpphP9I" height="385" width="480"

=__**NATURALIST 5**__= **__ PENGUIN __**

Penguins are a group of aquatic flightless birds that live mainly in Antarctia. They spend about half of their life on land and half in the water. The largest living species is the Emperor Penguin: adults’ average size is about 1.1m tall and they weigh 35kg or more.

Penguins are most comfortable and most graceful when moving in the water, either by swimming or diving. Its swimming looks very similar to a bird flight in the air. Penguins will engage the small muscles in their feathers to create a tight water-proof layer. These feathers are also coated with a special oil to keep the water out. This feather layer also reduces additional air so the penguin won’t float in the water while swimming. The wings of a penguin are more suited for swimming than flying. In fact these small wings look like flipper or propellers and the penguins use them to “fly” through the water. Also, penguins use their well developed breast and wing muscles to swim through the dense water. The Emperor Penguin is an efficient swimmer who exerts pressure with both its upward and downward strokes while swimming. They can hold their breath for more than 20 minutes. Its average swimming speed is 6–9 km/h.

Penguins also need to travel by land to find a nesting area, their colony members or to escape a predator. Compared to other animals of about the same size, penguins use twice as much energy to walk. In fact, they are quite slow on land. A penguin's walk is more like a waddle, but this back-and-forth motion is actually an efficient use of energy for the penguin. Penguins use their tails and wings to maintain balance for their upright stance. They also jump with both feet together if they want to move more quickly or cross steep or rocky terrain. Penguins have strong, but short legs. The penguin's feet and legs are adapted more for swimming and diving in the sea, which is where they spend most of their time. Their big feet are webbed to help with swimming, and they also have claws that are useful for hanging onto icy surfaces. On very jagged cliffs, penguins can use their beaks like a rock climber's ice pick, to gain more stable footing. On less steep hills, some species of penguins, especially the Emperor penguins who live in Antarctica, are famous for tobogganing. They slide on their bellies across the snow, using their flippers for guidance and their legs for propulsion. This conserves energy while moving quickly. However, the penguins need the right type of conditions to toboggan. The ideal conditions are soft snow, so the penguin will sink slightly. These Antarctica penguins can also use floating pieces of ice as a form of transport.

Penguins’ eyes are adapted for underwater vision and are their primary means of locating prey and avoiding predators. Penguins are also able to control blood flow to their extremities, reducing the amount of blood that gets cold, but still keeping the extremities from freezing. They often huddle together to keep warm and rotate positions to make sure that each penguin gets a turn in the centre of the heat pack. media type="youtube" key="6AiCIZ9wM1o" height="385" width="480"

**__ EMUS __** The Emu is the largest native bird in Australia and one of the largest birds in the world. Besides its size, the Emu's most well-known characteristic is that it can’t fly. An Emu can grow up to 2 metres tall and 1 to 1.3 metres wide at the shoulders. This size causes the Emu to usually weigh between 30 – 45 kilograms. Emus are flightless running birds with long strong legs. They have the capability of running at fast speeds, travelling up to 50 kilometres an hour. This is due to their specialised pelvic limb muscles. Their feet have only 3 toes, each with a claw, and the underside of these toes is flattened with a small pad, to aid traction over rough terrain. They also have a similarly reduced number of bones and associated foot muscles; they are the only birds that have a powerful muscle in the back of the lower legs called the Gastrocnemius muscle which contains four muscle bellies, instead of three. Emus have small wings, approximately the size of a hand. Although unable to allow flight in emus, these wings help the bird cool itself in hot weather – they hold the wings out so that the air can circulate around the body. Emus are covered with fluffy feathers which also allow emus to regulate temperature and cope with extreme changes in weather. Thus, it allows the bird to remain active during the heat of the day. Another feature that Emus can use to maintain their body temperatures is the use of the lungs as evaporative coolers by panting. Emus have long necks, often without feathers, and the skin is bluish. They also have wide and soft beaks ideal for grazing grass and browsing in bushes. Emus make grunting noises and also a deep drumming sound. These calls can be heard up to 2 kilometres away.

media type="youtube" key="GDKmocwltXk" height="385" width="480" **__

HUMMINGBIRD __** Hummingbirds are among the smallest of birds. Depending on the species, their size ranges from 5.6cm to 21.6cm, and their weight varies from 2 grams to 20grams.They are a truly unique species of bird. They flap their wings extremely fast, which produces a humming sound. It is this sound that gives them their name. Hummingbirds may flap their wings anywhere from 15 to 83 times per second, depending on the species. The smaller the bird, the faster the wings will flap. There are 17 species of hummingbird, some of which are so small that large moths are sometimes mistaken for them. These unusual birds are the only species in existence that can fly backwards. They can also hover, stop and accelerate instantly, lift straight up and down, fly at surprisingly high speeds and even fly upside down! For their size, hummingbirds fly incredibly fast; they typically can fly at speeds exceeding 15m per second. The key to a hummingbird's flight is in its wing patterns. Generally, birds flap their wings up and down. This is not the case with the hummingbird, however. The hummingbird flies by oscillating its wings forward and backward in a figure eight pattern very rapidly. This unusual wing posture and movement is sustained by very strong breast muscles. The flight muscles that elevate the wing (or up-stroke) are as strong as the ones that depress the wing (or down-stroke.) The balance of muscle strength is exactly what allows every hummingbird to hover. Hummingbird wings are affectionately called “hands” because the wing bone structure is all hand bone. The upper arm and forearm bones are very short, and the elbow and wrist joints can’t move, so the wing does not bend or fold in the middle but remains straight out from the body in flight. The shoulder joint to which the wing attaches can move in all directions plus rotate about 180 degrees. Hummingbirds fly with their bodies held upright, not flat like most birds. Hummingbirds do not walk or hop as other birds do. Hummingbird feet seem to have no function beyond perching, balancing and scratching themselves; their strength is in flying. To move on a branch, even a small distance, they will use their wings. Hummingbirds can catch insects while flying. They hover behind and below their prey then snatch it out of the air by darting forward and upward.

The bill is uniquely adapted to the hummingbird’s feeding habitats. Their extremely long tongue rolls up into little straw-like tubes, which is necessary for getting the nectar from long tubular flowers. These birds feed about 15/20min all day long to maintain energy levels.

[|Hummingbird video]